On the periodic table, the closer elements are to fluorine, the more electronegative they are.
"Polar" means uneven, so the element in a polar bond drawing electrons closer to it will have a negative charge while the other will have a positive charge (notice the letters written on the dinosaurs).
Ionic bonds are where one atom gives an electron to the other atom. On the other hand, in a covalent bond, atoms share an electron. A bond is determined as ionic or covalent by the difference in electronegativities. If the difference is between 0-0.3, then it is nonpolar-covalent, having an ionic character of 0%-5%. If it has a difference of 0.3-1.7, it is polar-covalent, with an ionic character of 5%-50%. Anything between 1.7 and 3.3 is ionic (these numbers are not a set value, though, so there are different ranges depending on where you look).
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